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In 1974, descendants of the dynasty were granted the right to acquire Turkish citizenship by the Grand National Assembly,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] and were notified that they could apply. Mehmed Orhan, son of Prince Mehmed Abdul Kadir of the Ottoman Empire, died in 1994,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], leaving the grandson of Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II, Ertu?rul Osman, as the eldest surviving member of the deposed dynasty. Osman for many years refused to carry a Turkish passport, calling himself a citizen of the Ottoman Empire. Despite this attitude, he put the matter of an Ottoman restoration to rest when he told an interviewer "no" to the question of whether he wished the Ottoman Empire to be restored. He was quoted as saying that "democracy works well in Turkey."[83] He returned to Turkey in 1992 for the first time since the exile, and became a Turkish citizen with a Turkish passport in 2002.[84] On 23 September 2009, Osman died at the age of 97 in Istanbul, being the last surviving heir to the deposed Ottoman throne. At the end of the Empire, he was 4th in line to the throne as Imperial Highness Prince Shehzade Ertu?rul Osman Efendi, and with his death the last of the line born under the Ottoman Empire was extinguished.[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] In Turkey, Osman was known as "the last Ottoman".[85] Bayezid Osman, the second son of SultanAbdülmecid I's younger grandson, Ibrahim Tevfik, is now the current eldest surviving member of the former ruling dynasty. There is one descendant yet to have his genealogy verified by the Turkish government. Adnan E. Gülcür Osmanl?, a Turkish-American citizen, is believed to be the youngest surviving Osmanl?.
Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne (Adrianople) and Constantinople, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis.[87]? To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe, who were settled in Constantinople and other port cities like Salonica. In many places in Europe, Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts. The tolerance displayed by the Ottomans was welcomed by the immigrants. The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous.[88]? The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact.

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